measuring compounds in exhaled air to detect alzheimer's disease and parkinson’s disease
测量呼出气体挥发性有机化合物以检测阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病
jan-philipp bach , maike gold , david mengel , akira hattesohl, dirk lubbe, severin schmid, björn tackenberg, jürgen rieke,
sasidhar maddula, jörg ingo baumbach, christoph nell, tobias boeselt, joan michelis, judith alferink, michael heneka, wolfgang oer,
frank jessen, sabina janciauskiene, claus vogelmeier, richard dodel , andreas rembert koczulla
abstract
background
alzheimer’s disease (ad) is diagnosed based upon medical history, neuropsychiatric examination, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, extensive laboratory analyses and cerebral imaging. diagnosis is time consuming and labour intensive. parkinson’s disease (pd) is mainly diagnosed on clinical grounds.
阿尔茨海默病(ad)根据病史，神经精神病学检查，脑脊液分析，广泛的实验室分析和脑成像诊断。诊断耗时且劳动强度大。帕金森病(pd)主要是根据临床原因诊断出来的。
objective
the primary aim of this study was to differentiate patients suffering from ad, pd and healthy controls by investigating exhaled air with the electronic nose technique. after demonstrating a difference between the three groups the secondary aim was the identification of specific substances responsible for the difference(s) using ion mobility spectroscopy. thirdly we analysed whether amyloid beta (aβ) in exhaled breath was causative for the observed differences between patients suffering from ad and healthy controls.
本研究的主要目的是通过电子鼻技术研究呼出气，来区分患有ad，pd和健康对照的患者。在证明三组之间的差异之后，次要目标是使用离子迁移谱来鉴定造成差异的特定物质。第三，我们分析呼出气中的β淀粉样蛋白(aβ)是否是导致患有ad和健康对照的患者之间观察到的差异的原因。
methods
we employed novel pulmonary diagnostic tools (electronic nose device/ion-mobility spectrometry) for the identification of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. specifically, we analysed breath pattern differences in exhaled air of patients with ad, those with pd and healthy controls using the electronic nose device (enose). using ion mobility spectrometry (ims), we identified the compounds responsible for the observed differences in breath patterns. we applied elisa technique to measure aβ in exhaled breath condensates.
我们采用新型肺部诊断工具(电子鼻/离子迁移谱仪)来识别神经退行性疾病患者。具体而言，我们使用电子鼻装置(enose)分析了患有ad的患者，具有pd的患者和健康对照的呼出气体中的呼吸模式差异。使用离子迁移谱(ims)，我们确定了导致观察到的呼吸模式差异的化合物。我们应用elisa技术测量呼出气冷凝物中的aβ。
results
the enose was able to differentiate between ad, pd and hc correctly. using ims, we identified markers that could be used to differentiate healthy controls from patients with ad and pd with an accuracy of 94%. in addition, patients suffering from pd were identified with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. altogether, 3 ad patients out of 53 participants were misclassified. although we found aβ in exhaled breath condensate from both ad and healthy controls, no significant differences between groups were detected.
enose能够正确区分ad，pd和hc。使用ims，我们确定了可用于区分健康对照与ad和pd患者的标记物，准确度为94%。此外，患有pd的患者被鉴定为具有100%的敏感性和特异性。总共有53名参与者中的3名ad患者被错误分类。虽然我们发现来自ad和健康对照的呼出气冷凝物中的aβ，但未检测到组之间的显着差异。
conclusion
these data may open a new field in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease such as alzheimer’s disease and parkinson’s disease. further research is required to evaluate the significance of these pulmonary findings with respect to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
这些数据可能为神经退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病的诊断开辟了新的领域。需要进一步的研究来评估这些肺部发现对于神经退行性疾病的病理生理学的重要性。