# single line comments start with a hash.# 单行注释由一个井号开头。 multiline strings can be written using three 's, and are often used as comments 三个双引号(或单引号)之间可以写多行字符串, 通常用来写注释。###################################################### 1\. primitive datatypes and operators## 1\. 基本数据类型和操作符##################################################### you have numbers# 数字就是数字3 #=> 3# math is what you would expect# 四则运算也是你所期望的那样1 + 1 #=> 28 - 1 #=> 710 * 2 #=> 2035 / 5 #=> 7# division is a bit tricky. it is integer division and floors the results# automatically.# 除法有一点棘手。# 对于整数除法来说,计算结果会自动取整。5 / 2 #=> 2# to fix division we need to learn about floats.# 为了修正除法的问题,我们需要先学习浮点数。2.0 # this is a float2.0 # 这是一个浮点数11.0 / 4.0 #=> 2.75 ahhh...much better11.0 / 4.0 #=> 2.75 啊……这样就好多了# enforce precedence with parentheses# 使用小括号来强制计算的优先顺序(1 + 3) * 2 #=> 8# boolean values are primitives# 布尔值也是基本数据类型truefalse# negate with not# 使用 not 来取反not true #=> falsenot false #=> true# equality is ==# 等式判断用 ==1 == 1 #=> true2 == 1 #=> false# inequality is !=# 不等式判断是用 !=1 != 1 #=> false2 != 1 #=> true# more comparisons# 还有更多的比较运算1 < 10 #=> true1 > 10 #=> false2 <= 2 #=> true2 >= 2 #=> true# comparisons can be chained!# 居然可以把比较运算串连起来!1 < 2 < 3 #=> true2 < 3 < 2 #=> false# strings are created with or '# 使用 或 ' 来创建字符串this is a string.'this is also a string.'# strings can be added too!# 字符串也可以相加!hello + world! #=> hello world!# a string can be treated like a list of characters# 一个字符串可以视为一个字符的列表# (译注:后面会讲到“列表”。)this is a string[0] #=> 't'# % can be used to format strings, like this:# % 可以用来格式化字符串,就像这样:%s can be %s % (strings, interpolated)# a newer way to format strings is the format method.# this method is the preferred way# 后来又有一种格式化字符串的新方法:format 方法。# 我们推荐使用这个方法。{0} can be {1}.format(strings, formatted)# you can use keywords if you don't want to count.# 如果你不喜欢数数的话,可以使用关键字(变量)。{name} wants to eat {food}.format(name=bob, food=lasagna)# none is an object# none 是一个对象none #=> none# don't use the equality `==` symbol to compare objects to none# use `is` instead# 不要使用相等符号 `==` 来把对象和 none 进行比较,# 而要用 `is`。etc is none #=> falsenone is none #=> true# the 'is' operator tests for object identity. this isn't# very useful when dealing with primitive values, but is# very useful when dealing with objects.# 这个 `is` 操作符用于比较两个对象的标识。# (译注:对象一旦建立,其标识就不会改变,可以认为它就是对象的内存地址。)# 在处理基本数据类型时基本用不上,# 但它在处理对象时很有用。# none, 0, and empty strings/lists all eval(1) #li is now [1] #li 现在是 [1]li.append(2) #li is now [1, 2] #li 现在是 [1, 2]li.append(4) #li is now [1, 2, 4] #li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]li.append(3) #li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] #li 现在是 [1, 2, 4, 3]# remove from the end with pop# 使用 pop 来移除最后一个元素li.pop() #=> 3 and li is now [1, 2, 4] #=> 3,然后 li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]# let's put it back# 我们再把它放回去li.append(3) # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again. # li 现在又是 [1, 2, 4, 3] 了# access a list like you would any array# 像访问其它语言的数组那样访问列表li[0] #=> 1# look at the last element# 查询最后一个元素li[-1] #=> 3# looking out of bounds is an indexerror# 越界查询会产生一个索引错误li[4] # raises an indexerror # 抛出一个索引错误# you can look at ranges with slice syntax.# (it's a closed/open range for you mathy types.)# 你可以使用切片语法来查询列表的一个范围。# (这个范围相当于数学中的左闭右开区间。)li[1:3] #=> [2, 4]# omit the beginning# 省略开头li[2:] #=> [4, 3]# omit the end# 省略结尾li[:3] #=> [1, 2, 4]# remove arbitrary elements from a list with del# 使用 del 来删除列表中的任意元素del li[2] # li is now [1, 2, 3] # li 现在是 [1, 2, 3]# you can add lists# 可以把列表相加li + other_li #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - note: li and other_li is left alone #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - 请留意 li 和 other_li 并不会被修改# concatenate lists with extend# 使用 extend 来合并列表li.extend(other_li) # now li is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # 现在 li 是 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]# check for existence in a list with in# 用 in 来检查是否存在于某个列表中1 in li #=> true# examine the length with len# 用 len 来检测列表的长度len(li) #=> 6# tuples are like lists but are immutable.# 元组很像列表,但它是“不可变”的。tup = (1, 2, 3)tup[0] #=> 1tup[0] = 3 # raises a typeerror # 抛出一个类型错误# you can do all those list thingies on tuples too# 操作列表的方式通常也能用在元组身上len(tup) #=> 3tup + (4, 5, 6) #=> (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)tup[:2] #=> (1, 2)2 in tup #=> true# you can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables# 你可以把元组(或列表)中的元素解包赋值给多个变量a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3 # 现在 a 是 1,b 是 2,c 是 3# tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses# 如果你省去了小括号,那么元组会被自动创建d, e, f = 4, 5, 6# now look how easy it is to swap two values# 再来看看交换两个值是多么简单。e, d = d, e # d is now 5 and e is now 4 # 现在 d 是 5 而 e 是 4# dictionaries store mappings# 字典用于存储映射关系empty_dict = {}# here is a prefilled dictionary# 这是一个预先填充的字典filled_dict = {one: 1, two: 2, three: 3}# look up values with []# 使用 [] 来查询键值filled_dict[one] #=> 1# get all keys as a list# 将字典的所有键名获取为一个列表filled_dict.keys() #=> [three, two, one]# note - dictionary key ordering is not guaranteed.# your results might not match this exactly.# 请注意:无法保证字典键名的顺序如何排列。# 你得到的结果可能跟上面的示例不一致。# get all values as a list# 将字典的所有键值获取为一个列表filled_dict.values() #=> [3, 2, 1]# note - same as above regarding key ordering.# 请注意:顺序的问题和上面一样。# check for existence of keys in a dictionary with in# 使用 in 来检查一个字典是否包含某个键名one in filled_dict #=> true1 in filled_dict #=> false# looking up a non-existing key is a keyerror# 查询一个不存在的键名会产生一个键名错误filled_dict[four] # keyerror # 键名错误# use get method to avoid the keyerror# 所以要使用 get 方法来避免键名错误filled_dict.get(one) #=> 1filled_dict.get(four) #=> none# the get method supports a default argument when the value is missing# get 方法支持传入一个默认值参数,将在取不到值时返回。filled_dict.get(one, 4) #=> 1filled_dict.get(four, 4) #=> 4# setdefault method is a safe way to add new key-value pair into dictionary# setdefault 方法可以安全地把新的名值对添加到字典里filled_dict.setdefault(five, 5) #filled_dict[five] is set to 5 #filled_dict[five] 被设置为 5filled_dict.setdefault(five, 6) #filled_dict[five] is still 5 #filled_dict[five] 仍然为 5# sets store ... well sets# set 用于保存集合empty_set = set()# initialize a set with a bunch of values# 使用一堆值来初始化一个集合some_set = set([1,2,2,3,4]) # some_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4]) # some_set 现在是 set([1, 2, 3, 4])# since python 2.7, {} can be used to declare a set# 从 python 2.7 开始,{} 可以用来声明一个集合filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1, 2, 3, 4} # (译注:集合是种无序不重复的元素集,因此重复的 2 被滤除了。) # (译注:{} 不会创建一个空集合,只会创建一个空字典。)# add more items to a set# 把更多的元素添加进一个集合filled_set.add(5) # filled_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} # filled_set 现在是 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}# do set intersection with 使用 & 来获取交集other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6}filled_set & other_set #=> {3, 4, 5}# do set union with |# 使用 | 来获取并集filled_set | other_set #=> {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}# do set difference with -# 使用 - 来获取补集{1,2,3,4} - {2,3,5} #=> {1, 4}# check for existence in a set with in# 使用 in 来检查是否存在于某个集合中2 in filled_set #=> true10 in filled_set #=> false###################################################### 3\. control flow## 3\. 控制流##################################################### let's just make a variable# 我们先创建一个变量some_var = 5# here is an if statement. indentation is significant in python!# prints some_var is smaller than 10# 这里有一个条件语句。缩进在 python 中可是很重要的哦!# 程序会打印出 some_var is smaller than 10# (译注:意为“some_var 比 10 小”。)if some_var > 10: print some_var is totally bigger than 10. # (译注:意为“some_var 完全比 10 大”。)elif some_var < 10: # this elif clause is optional. # 这里的 elif 子句是可选的 print "some_var is smaller than 10." # (译注:意为“some_var 比 10 小”。)else: # this is optional too. # 这一句也是可选的 print "some_var is indeed 10." # (译注:意为“some_var 就是 10”。)"""for loops iterate over listsfor 循环可以遍历列表prints:如果要打印出: dog is a mammal cat is a mammal mouse is a mammal"""for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]: # you can use % to interpolate formatted strings # 别忘了你可以使用 % 来格式化字符串 print "%s is a mammal" % animal # (译注:意为“%s 是哺乳动物”。)"""`range(number)` returns a list of numbersfrom zero to the given number`range(数字)` 会返回一个数字列表,这个列表将包含从零到给定的数字。prints:如果要打印出: 0 1 2 3"""for i in range(4): print i"""while loops go until a condition is no longer met.while 循环会一直继续,直到条件不再满足。prints:如果要打印出: 0 1 2 3"""x = 0while x < 4: print x x += 1 # shorthand for x = x + 1 # 这是 x = x + 1 的简写方式# handle exceptions with a try/except block# 使用 try/except 代码块来处理异常# works on python 2.6 and up:# 适用于 python 2.6 及以上版本:try: # use raise to raise an error # 使用 raise 来抛出一个错误 raise indexerror("this is an index error") # 抛出一个索引错误:“这是一个索引错误”。except indexerror as e: pass # pass is just a no-op. usually you would do recovery here. # pass 只是一个空操作。通常你应该在这里做一些恢复工作。###################################################### 4\. functions## 4\. 函数##################################################### use def to create new functions# 使用 def 来创建新函数def add(x, y): print "x is %s and y is %s" % (x, y) # (译注:意为“x 是 %s 而且 y 是 %s”。) return x + y # return values with a return statement # 使用 return 语句来返回值# calling functions with parameters# 调用函数并传入参数add(5, 6) #=> prints out x is 5 and y is 6 and returns 11 # (译注:意为“x 是 5 而且 y 是 6”,并返回 11)# another way to call functions is with keyword arguments# 调用函数的另一种方式是传入关键字参数add(y=6, x=5) # keyword arguments can arrive in any order. # 关键字参数可以以任意顺序传入# you can define functions that take a variable number of# positional arguments# 你可以定义一个函数,并让它接受可变数量的定位参数。def varargs(*args): return argsvarargs(1, 2, 3) #=> (1,2,3)# you can define functions that take a variable number of# keyword arguments, as well# 你也可以定义一个函数,并让它接受可变数量的关键字参数。def keyword_args(**kwargs): return kwargs# let's call it to see what happens# 我们试着调用它,看看会发生什么:keyword_args(big=foot, loch=ness) #=> {big: foot, loch: ness}# you can do both at once, if you like# 你还可以同时使用这两类参数,只要你愿意:def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs): print args print kwargsall_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints: (1, 2) {a: 3, b: 4}# when calling functions, you can do the opposite of varargs/kwargs!# use * to expand tuples and use ** to expand kwargs.# 在调用函数时,定位参数和关键字参数还可以反过来用。# 使用 * 来展开元组,使用 ** 来展开关键字参数。args = (1, 2, 3, 4)kwargs = {a: 3, b: 4}all_the_args(*args) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4) # 相当于 all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4)all_the_args(**kwargs) # equivalent to foo(a=3, b=4) # 相当于 all_the_args(a=3, b=4)all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4) # 相当于 all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)# python has first class functions# 函数在 python 中是一等公民def create_adder(x): def adder(y): return x + y return adderadd_10 = create_adder(10)add_10(3) #=> 13# there are also anonymous functions# 还有匿名函数(lambda x: x > 2)(3) #=> true# there are built-in higher order functions# 还有一些内建的高阶函数map(add_10, [1,2,3]) #=> [11, 12, 13]filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) #=> [6, 7]# we can use list comprehensions for nice maps and filters# 我们可以使用列表推导式来模拟 map 和 filter[add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]] #=> [11, 12, 13][x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5] #=> [6, 7]###################################################### 5\. classes## 5\. 类##################################################### we subclass from object to get a class.# 我们可以从对象中继承,来得到一个类。class human(object): # a class attribute. it is shared by all instances of this class # 下面是一个类属性。它将被这个类的所有实例共享。 species = h. sapiens # basic initializer # 基本的初始化函数(构造函数) def __init__(self, name): # assign the argument to the instance's name attribute # 把参数赋值为实例的 name 属性 self.name = name # an instance method. all methods take self as the first argument # 下面是一个实例方法。所有方法都以 self 作为第一个参数。 def say(self, msg): return %s: %s % (self.name, msg) # a class method is shared among all instances # they are called with the calling class as the first argument # 类方法会被所有实例共享。 # 类方法在调用时,会将类本身作为第一个函数传入。 @classmethod def get_species(cls): return cls.species # a static method is called without a class or instance reference # 静态方法在调用时,不会传入类或实例的引用。 @staticmethod def grunt(): return *grunt*# instantiate a class# 实例化一个类i = human(name=ian)print i.say(hi) # prints out ian: hi # 打印出 ian: hij = human(joel)print j.say(hello) # prints out joel: hello # 打印出 joel: hello# call our class method# 调用我们的类方法i.get_species() #=> h. sapiens# change the shared attribute# 修改共享属性human.species = h. neanderthalensisi.get_species() #=> h. neanderthalensisj.get_species() #=> h. neanderthalensis# call the static method# 调用静态方法human.grunt() #=> *grunt*###################################################### 6\. modules## 6\. 模块##################################################### you can import modules# 你可以导入模块import mathprint math.sqrt(16) #=> 4# you can get specific functions from a module# 也可以从一个模块中获取指定的函数from math import ceil, floorprint ceil(3.7) #=> 4.0print floor(3.7) #=> 3.0# you can import all functions from a module.# warning: this is not recommended# 你可以从一个模块中导入所有函数# 警告:不建议使用这种方式from math import *# you can shorten module names# 你可以缩短模块的名称import math as mmath.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16) #=> true# python modules are just ordinary python files. you# can write your own, and import them. the name of the# module is the same as the name of the file.# python 模块就是普通的 python 文件。# 你可以编写你自己的模块,然后导入它们。# 模块的名称与文件名相同。# you can find out which functions and attributes# defines a module.# 你可以查出一个模块里有哪些函数和属性import mathdir(math)
以上就是python语言实例开发代码分析的详细内容。